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«Golpe de calor: una condición de alta mortalidad»

Por Fernando Andrés Schifferli Salazar / 1 de febrero de 2021

Nunca está de más prevenir situaciones que pueden ser fatales durante los días calurosos, o de verano. Sobre todo, si dichas medidas son fáciles de implementar.

VILLA ALEMANA.- El «golpe de calor» es una situación que puede llevar a la muerte en pocos minutos. Más aún, si los afectados son niños o adultos mayores; quienes generalmente poseen condiciones fisiológicas o cognitivas que merecen un cuidado especial.

Como medio informativo, consideramos de gran importancia que tanto nuestros lectores como el público general, se informe de la mejor forma posible respecto a cómo prevenir o manejar aquella situación.

A continuación, se entregaran distintas claves para entender, prevenir o manejar el peligroso «golpe de calor».

¿En qué consiste?
Es un trastorno grave, ocasionado por el exceso de calor en el cuerpo, debido a una exposición prolongada a altas temperaturas, radiación solar o esfuerzo físico en dichas condiciones.

El cuerpo puede alcanzas los 40°C o más
Requiere tratamiento de urgencia.
Si no se recibe tratamiento médico, pueden dañarse severamente órganos vitales y/o tejidos: cerebro, el corazón, los riñones y músculos.

El daño empeora cuanto más se retrasa el tratamiento, lo que aumenta el riesgo de sufrir complicaciones graves o la muerte.

Síntomas y signos:
Cefalea (dolor de cabeza). Mareos. Decaimiento. Somnolencia. Hiperventilación (agitación).Oliguria (orinar escasamente). Calambres musculares. Convulsión. Pérdida de conciencia. Taquicardia o palpitaciones (pulso acelerado). Anhidrosis (sudoración escasa). Dermatitis o enrojecimiento de la piel. Reducir la actividad física. Tomar mucha agua o líquidos hidratantes durante el día. Protegerse del sol lo máximo posible. Evitar ingesta de alcohol o bebidas azucaradas. Consumir preferentemente frutas y verduras. Evitar exponerse al sol desde las 11 de la mañana hasta las 17 horas.

¿Cómo prevenirlo?
Nunca dejar a nadie dentro de un automóvil estacionado, sobre todo a niños o ancianos, ya que la temperatura en el automóvil puede elevarse 6,7 °C por cada 10 minutos.
Esta es una causa frecuente de muerte asociada a daño cardiovascular en niños y en adultos mayores.

¿Qué hacer?
1) Llamar a fonos de emergencia: 131 (SAMU), Carabineros (133), Bomberos (132), PDI (134), o a urgencias de su hospital de su localidad, ya que es una «emergencia médica».

2) Resolver factores ambientales: Cambiar las condiciones ambientales. Esto significa llevar a la persona a la sombra o a un ambiente cerrado. Además de quitarle el exceso de ropa y elevar sus piernas.

3) Enfriar rápidamente: enfriar a la persona afectada hasta los 39°C, mediante compresas o paños fríos, en cabeza, cuello, axilas e ingle. Si no se hace, en menos de 2 horas, el riesgo de muerte aumenta en un 70%.

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